Alternative to Animal Testing

Introduction:

In drug testing, animals are often used because it's considered one of the most effective methods to evaluate a drug's toxicity and effectiveness.
In the future, we anticipate changes to this process as an increasing number of nations reaffirm their commitment to the 3Rs philosophy—emphasizing the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animals in scientific research. On the other side, there are now more technological alternatives to animal testing.  The need for developing and implementing alternative methods hinges on how well the currently used animal models can replicate human physiology and exposure, considering the complexity of the research issue.